Biên dự trữ
The surplus of available reserves over the minimum regulatory or actuarial requirements to ensure insurer solvency and stability. Used as a buffer against adverse claim developments.
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Insurance
Browse Insurance terms for finance professionals.
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Biên Độ Khả Năng Thanh Toán
Solvency Margin is the excess of an insurance company's assets over its liabilities, required by regulators as a buffer to ensure policyholder protection and financial stability.
View termBiên độ rủi ro
An additional allowance in technical provisions to reflect the uncertainty in insurance liabilities, ensuring that the value of obligations is sufficient to transfer to another insurer.
View termBảng Tử Vong
A statistical chart showing the probability of death for each age group within a population, used by insurers and actuaries to price life insurance and calculate reserves.
View termBảo hiểm hồi tố
Insurance protection that applies to losses occurring prior to the inception date of the policy, typically in claims-made liability insurance, subject to specified retroactive dates.
View termChi phí hoãn ghi nhận
Insurance industry shorthand for 'Deferred Acquisition Costs'—expenses incurred to acquire new and renewal insurance contracts, capitalized and amortized over the contract period in accordance with regulatory accounting (e.g., IFRS 17, US SAP).
View termChu kỳ bảo hiểm
A recurring pattern in insurance markets marked by periods of competitive pricing (soft market) and restrictive pricing (hard market), impacting profitability and risk appetite.
View termChuyển Giao Rủi Ro
Risk Transfer is the process by which one party shifts the financial consequences of a particular risk to another party, typically via insurance or reinsurance contracts.
View termCông ty bảo hiểm trực tiếp
An insurance company that sells policies directly to the public without using independent agents or brokers. Direct writers employ their own salaried agents or use digital channels, and assume underwriting and claims responsibility.
View termCơ sở rủi ro
The underlying metric or unit used to quantify the amount of risk an insurer is covering, such as number of vehicles, payroll, sales, or property value.
View termCổ Tức Chủ Hợp Đồng
A non-guaranteed distribution of surplus or profit to eligible participating policyholders, typically in participating life insurance, reflecting the insurer’s performance after meeting contractual obligations.
View termDự Phòng Bồi Thường
A liability established by insurers to cover future claims payments for reported and incurred-but-not-reported (IBNR) losses, representing the estimated amount required to settle all obligations from insurance contracts.
View termDự phòng bồi thường
A liability account on an insurer’s balance sheet representing the estimated value of unpaid reported and incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims, set aside to meet future policyholder obligations.
View termDự phòng bồi thường
An insurer’s balance sheet liability representing funds set aside to cover outstanding and incurred but not reported (IBNR) claims. Calculated according to statutory, IFRS 17, or Solvency II requirements.
View termDự phòng chi phí
A liability set aside by an insurer to cover anticipated future administrative and claims adjustment expenses related to policies in force.
View termDự phòng kỹ thuật
The mandatory liability on an insurer’s balance sheet representing the amount set aside to cover future insurance claims, unearned premiums, and actuarial obligations, as required by insurance regulations.
View termDự phòng kỹ thuật
The total amount set aside by insurers as liabilities to meet all future policyholder claims, unearned premiums, and related obligations, calculated using actuarial methods.
View termDự phòng tổn thất
A liability on an insurer’s balance sheet representing funds set aside to pay claims that have been incurred but not yet settled, including claims reported and IBNR (incurred but not reported).
View termFloat bảo hiểm
The investable funds generated from premiums received by an insurer that have not yet been paid out as claims or expenses.
View termGiá trị hoàn trả
The amount payable to the policyholder by the insurer if the insurance policy is voluntarily terminated before its maturity or claim event.
View termGiá Trị Nội Tại
A measure of the consolidated value of shareholders’ interests in the net assets and future profits of a life insurance company, excluding new business value.
View termGiảm thiểu rủi ro
A set of strategies, measures, or controls used by insurers and reinsurers to reduce the likelihood, impact, or severity of insured or operational risks. This includes underwriting, reinsurance, diversification, and loss prevention programs.
View termGiới Hạn Bảo Hiểm
The maximum amount an insurer will pay for a covered loss under an insurance policy, as specified in the contract terms and conditions.
View termGiới hạn giữ lại
The maximum amount of risk or loss an insurance company or reinsurer retains on a policy or portfolio before transferring the excess to reinsurance; a key parameter in underwriting and reinsurance treaties.
View termGiới hạn giữ lại
The maximum risk amount an insurer or reinsurer retains before transferring the excess to another reinsurer, as stipulated in reinsurance agreements.
View termGiới hạn tổng
The maximum amount an insurer will pay for all covered losses during a policy period, regardless of the number or type of individual claims filed.
View termHiệp Ước Tái Bảo Hiểm
Reinsurance Treaty is a formal contract under which a reinsurer accepts a defined portion of risks from a primary insurer, typically covering specified lines of business.
View termHợp đồng tái bảo hiểm lùi
A reinsurance contract under which a reinsurer transfers part of the risks it has assumed to another reinsurer (the retrocessionaire), to further spread risk exposure.
View termKhoản dự phòng chi phí
The provision included in insurance premiums or reserves to cover the insurer’s operating expenses such as administration, commissions, and acquisition costs.
View termKhoản thu hồi tái bảo hiểm
The amount of paid or unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses that an insurer is entitled to recover from reinsurers under reinsurance contracts.
View termKhẩu vị rủi ro
The level and type of risk an insurer or reinsurer is prepared to accept in pursuit of its strategic objectives, as formally set by its board and articulated in its risk management policies and capital planning.
View termKênh phân phối
Any system or intermediary through which insurance products are marketed, sold, or delivered to policyholders, including agents, brokers, bancassurance, or direct platforms.
View termKế toán bóng
An accounting method under IFRS 17 that allows changes in insurance contract liabilities, recognized in equity, to be reflected in related assets, such as policyholder participation features.
View termKế toán theo quy định
The accounting principles and methods prescribed by insurance regulators for financial reporting. Statutory accounting emphasizes solvency and conservative valuation of assets and liabilities. Required for regulatory filings in most jurisdictions.
View termLoại trừ bảo hiểm
A specific condition or circumstance listed in an insurance policy for which benefits will not be paid, limiting the insurer’s liability.
View termLãi suất chiết khấu
The interest rate used to calculate the present value of future insurance cash flows, crucial for reserving, pricing, and solvency calculations.
View termLựa chọn bất lợi
A situation in which higher-risk individuals are more likely to purchase insurance, leading to an imbalance in the risk pool and potential losses for the insurer.
View termMô Hình Thảm Họa
Catastrophe Modeling is the use of advanced statistical and computational methods to estimate the potential financial impact of catastrophic events on insurance portfolios.
View termMôi giới tái bảo hiểm
A specialist intermediary who arranges reinsurance coverage between insurance companies and reinsurers, providing market access, negotiation, and placement services.
View termMức tối thiểu đảm bảo
A contractually stipulated minimum benefit, return, or payout that an insurer guarantees to a policyholder, regardless of investment or performance outcomes.
View termMức độ tổn thất
The average size or monetary value of losses for a given class of claims, used in actuarial modeling and underwriting.
View termPhát triển bồi thường
The progression of reported and paid insurance claims over time, used to estimate ultimate losses and reserve adequacy.
View termPhân bổ vốn
The process by which an insurer or group assigns capital resources to business lines, risks, or subsidiaries, optimizing return on equity and regulatory capital requirements.
View termPhân loại rủi ro
The process of categorizing insurance applicants into homogeneous risk groups to enable equitable premium pricing and adequate pooling of risk.
View termPhân tích tam giác bồi thường
An actuarial technique using a triangular matrix to analyze the development of claims over time, enabling more accurate reserving, forecasting, and financial reporting.
View termPhí bảo hiểm gộp
The total amount of premium written by an insurer before deductions for reinsurance and other adjustments, reported as gross written premium.
View termPhí bảo hiểm trực tiếp
The total amount of insurance premiums received directly by an insurer from policyholders, excluding premiums assumed through reinsurance or ceded to reinsurers.
View termPhí bảo hiểm đã kiếm được
The portion of premium that corresponds to the expired part of the policy period and has been 'earned' by providing insurance coverage.
View termPhí Rút Trước Hạn
Surrender Charge is a fee imposed by insurers on policyholders who terminate their insurance policy or withdraw funds before a specified period.
View termPhơi bày rủi ro
The total value or potential for financial loss that an insurer or reinsurer is subject to from insured risks, measured before the effect of risk mitigation or transfer.
View termPhụ Phí Chi Phí
The portion of an insurance premium added to cover the insurer’s operating expenses, including administration, commissions, and overheads.
View termQuyền lợi bổ sung
An additional coverage or benefit added to a base insurance policy through a rider, providing extra protection or features as specified in the policy terms.
View termQuản lý bồi thường
The entire process of handling insurance claims from notification through investigation, assessment, settlement, and closure, governed by policy terms, regulatory standards, and operational protocols.
View termQuỹ rủi ro
A collective fund or grouping of insurance risks, where premiums from multiple policyholders are pooled to cover claims and losses incurred by any member of the pool, distributing risk and stabilizing costs.
View termRò rỉ bồi thường
The financial loss resulting from the difference between the actual amount paid on claims and the amount that should have been paid if claims had been handled optimally according to policy terms and best practices.
View termRủi ro bảo hiểm
The risk of loss resulting from insurance underwriting activities, including insufficient premiums, inappropriate selection, or adverse claims development.
View termRủi ro bệnh tật
The risk of policyholders experiencing illness, injury, or disability at rates higher than assumed in pricing and reserving, affecting health and disability insurance liabilities.
View termRủi ro hoạt động
The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems, or from external events, including legal and compliance risk, but excluding strategic and reputational risk.
View termRủi ro thanh khoản
The risk that an insurer will not be able to meet its short-term financial obligations as they come due without incurring unacceptable losses, due to insufficient liquid assets or market constraints.
View termRủi ro đuôi
The risk of rare, extreme events causing large insurance losses, residing in the tail of a probability distribution, significant for catastrophe and solvency modeling.
View termStop Loss
A type of reinsurance or policy provision in which the insurer is protected against losses above a specified limit, after which the reinsurer or stop loss cover assumes liability.
View termThanh toán quyền lợi
A disbursement made by an insurer to a policyholder or beneficiary as specified by the terms of the insurance policy, usually upon occurrence of an insured event.
View termThiết kế sản phẩm
The process of developing insurance products, including coverage terms, pricing, features, and risk selection criteria, in compliance with regulatory requirements.
View termThiếu hụt phí bảo hiểm
A situation where the unearned premium reserve is insufficient to cover the expected future claims and expenses on unexpired insurance policies, requiring a premium deficiency reserve under accounting rules.
View termThu nhập phí bảo hiểm
The total amount of premium revenue earned by an insurer from written, earned, or gross premiums over a reporting period, net of cancellations and refunds. Essential for measuring insurer growth and solvency.
View termThu nhập đầu tư
Earnings generated from the investment of an insurer’s assets, including interest, dividends, and realized gains, contributing to overall profitability and policyholder surplus.
View termThặng dư theo quy định
The excess of an insurance company's admitted assets over its liabilities, as calculated under statutory accounting principles for regulatory purposes.
View termTrách nhiệm pháp lý
The legally enforceable obligation of an insurer or insured to compensate a third party for loss or damage caused by acts, omissions, or negligence, as established by law, contract, or court judgment. Central to liability insurance products.
View termTrọng số rủi ro
A regulatory factor used to assess the riskiness of an asset or exposure, determining the required capital to be held against that risk under solvency or capital adequacy regimes.
View termTái bảo hiểm tỷ lệ
A form of reinsurance in which the reinsurer shares a fixed percentage of both premiums and losses with the ceding insurer for covered risks.
View termTần suất tổn thất
The number of claims or loss events occurring within a specified period, used in pricing, underwriting, and actuarial analyses.
View termTỷ Lệ Bồi Thường
Claims Ratio is the percentage of insurance claims paid or incurred in relation to the earned premiums for a given period, serving as a key indicator of underwriting performance and risk exposure.
View termTỷ Lệ Chi Phí
A financial metric expressing an insurer’s operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums earned, used to assess efficiency.
View termTỷ Lệ Duy Trì
The percentage of insurance policies remaining in force without lapsing, surrendering, or cancellation during a specified period; a key measure of policyholder retention.
View termTỷ lệ duy trì
A measure of the proportion of insurance policies remaining in force without lapsing or being surrendered over a specified period. A high persistency rate indicates policyholder retention and business stability.
View termTỷ Lệ Hủy Hợp Đồng
The percentage of insurance policies that are allowed to expire or are not renewed by policyholders within a specified period.
View termTỷ lệ khả năng thanh toán
A regulatory metric that compares an insurer's capital to its required solvency capital, used to assess financial strength and regulatory compliance.
View termTỷ lệ tái tục
The percentage of insurance policies renewed at expiration compared to those eligible for renewal, used as a key indicator of customer retention and business stability.
View termVùng Đệm Vốn
Excess capital held by an insurer above regulatory minimums to absorb unexpected losses and support financial strength during adverse conditions.
View termVốn điều tiết
The minimum amount of capital that an insurer or reinsurer is required to maintain by regulatory authorities, based on the assessed risk profile, to ensure ongoing solvency and policyholder protection.
View termYêu Cầu Vốn
The minimum amount of capital an insurer must hold to meet regulatory standards and ensure solvency against policyholder risks, calculated per statutory formulae (e.g., Solvency II, RBC).
View termĐiều chỉnh bồi thường
The process of investigating, evaluating, and settling insurance claims to determine the insurer’s liability and the amount to be paid to the policyholder or beneficiary.
View termĐiều Chỉnh Rủi Ro
A quantitative allowance in insurance accounting and actuarial reserving that reflects the uncertainty in the amount and timing of insurance cash flows, ensuring that liabilities are valued prudently.
View termĐiều chỉnh rủi ro
An explicit amount added to insurance liabilities to reflect the compensation an insurer requires for bearing the uncertainty of non-financial risks. Mandated under IFRS 17 and Solvency II for technical provisions.
View termĐiều khoản khôi phục
A provision in insurance or reinsurance contracts that specifies the terms under which coverage is restored after a claim payment, typically requiring an additional premium. Most common in catastrophe reinsurance, it allows for the policy limit to be reset following a loss event.
View termĐơn Vị Rủi Ro
Exposure Unit is the fundamental measure of risk, such as a vehicle, property, or person, used to determine insurance premiums and aggregate exposure.
View termĐịnh Giá Toán Học Bảo Hiểm
A formal assessment of the present value of future policy liabilities and assets by an actuary, based on prescribed methods, used for solvency, funding, and regulatory compliance in insurance and pensions.
View termĐộ vững chắc của dự phòng
The adequacy of an insurer’s technical reserves to meet future claim obligations, as measured by actuarial and regulatory standards.
View termĐộ đầy đủ của giá
A measure of whether insurance premiums collected are sufficient to cover expected claims, expenses, and provide for required margins, as determined by actuarial analysis and regulatory requirements.
View termĐủ Phí Bảo Hiểm
Premium Adequacy refers to the sufficiency of insurance premiums collected to cover expected claims, expenses, and maintain statutory solvency levels.
View termĐủ vốn
A regulatory standard requiring insurers to maintain sufficient capital to absorb losses and meet policyholder obligations under adverse conditions.
View term